Old Indian Arrowmaker and His Daughter

Edmonia Lewis was an American sculptor of Black and Native American (Anishinaabe/Ojibwa) heritage. Her subjects often related to her multiracial identity. She explored the abolition of slavery, Black emancipation, and Native American stories in her work.

Lewis spent most of her career living in Rome, where she had more opportunities to succeed as a woman artist of color. In America she relied on abolitionist patronage , but in Italy she gained international recognition as an artist. Lewis was Catholic, and living in Italy allowed her to practice her religion more freely. In Italy she also received professional support from Charlotte Cushman, an important figure for expatriate sculptors in Rome, and Maria Weston Chapman, a dedicated abolitionist.

Between 1866 and 1872, Lewis created several sculptures inspired by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s epic poem The Song of Hiawatha (1855). This sculpture portrays Minnehaha “plaiting mats of flags and rushes,” while her father makes “arrow-heads of jasper.” They are shown looking up as if to welcome the Ojibwa chief Hiawatha. The chief has just given Minnehaha a deer as a gift, to show his romantic interest in her . Lewis’s sculpture honors Indigenous cultures and their creative practices. It depicts two generations of Dakota artists, father and daughter, in the act of making traditional objects. The Dakota are an Indigenous people of North America and First Nations band government. They are located in Minnesota and western Wisconsin, where the Dakota have lived for generations along the region’s lakes and rivers.